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Python PostgreSQL - Quick Guide
Neha Kumawat
10 months ago
Table of Content
- Python PostgreSQL - Introduction
- Installing Psycog2 using PIP
- Verification
- Python PostgreSQL - Database Connection
- Establishing Connection Using Python
- Python PostgreSQL - Create Database
- Creating a Database Using Python
- Python PostgreSQL - Create Table
- Creating a Table Using Python
- Python PostgreSQL - Insert Data
- Inserting Data Using Python
Python PostgreSQL - Introduction
PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database system. It has more than 15 years of active development phase and a proven architecture that has earned it a strong reputation for reliability, data integrity, and correctness.
To communicate with PostgreSQL using Python you need to install psycopg, an adapter provided for python programming, the current version of this is psycog2.
psycopg2 was written with the aim of being very small and fast, and stable as a rock. It is available under PIP (package manager of python)
Installing Psycog2 using PIP
First of all, make sure python and PIP is installed in your system properly and, PIP is up-to-date.
To upgrade PIP, open command prompt and execute the following command −
C:\Users\Tutorialspoint>python -m pip install --upgrade pip
Collecting pip
Using cached
https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8d/07/f7d7ced2f97ca3098c16565efbe6b15fafcba53e8d9bdb431e09140514b0/pip-19.2.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: pip
Found existing installation: pip 19.0.3
Uninstalling pip-19.0.3:
Successfully uninstalled pip-19.0.3
Successfully installed pip-19.2.2
Then, open command prompt in admin mode and execute the pip install psycopg2-binary command as shown below −
C:\WINDOWS\system32>pip install psycopg2-binary
Collecting psycopg2-binary
Using cached
https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/80/79/d0d13ce4c2f1addf4786f4a2ded802c2df66ddf3c1b1a982ed8d4cb9fc6d/psycopg2_binary-2.8.3-cp37-cp37m-win32.whl
Installing collected packages: psycopg2-binary
Successfully installed psycopg2-binary-2.8.3
Verification
To verify the installation, create a sample python script with the following line in it.
import mysql.connector
If the installation is successful, when you execute it, you should not get any errors −
D:\Python_PostgreSQL>import psycopg2
D:\Python_PostgreSQL>
Python PostgreSQL - Database Connection
PostgreSQL provides its own shell to execute queries. To establish connection with the PostgreSQL database, make sure that you have installed it properly in your system. Open the PostgreSQL shell prompt and pass details like Server, Database, username, and password. If all the details you have given are appropriate, a connection is established with PostgreSQL database.
While passing the details you can go with the default server, database, port and, user name suggested by the shell.
Establishing Connection Using Python
The connection class of the psycopg2 represents/handles an instance of a connection. You can create new connections using the connect() function. This accepts the basic connection parameters such as dbname, user, password, host, port and returns a connection object. Using this function, you can establish a connection with the PostgreSQL.
Example
The following Python code shows how to connect to an existing database. If the database does not exist, then it will be created and finally a database object will be returned. The name of the default database of PostgreSQL is postrgre. Therefore, we are supplying it as the database name.
import psycopg2
#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
database="postgres", user='postgres', password='password',
host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)
#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()
#Executing an MYSQL function using the execute() method
cursor.execute("select version()")
#Fetch a single row using fetchone() method.
data = cursor.fetchone()
print("Connection established to: ",data)
#Closing the connection
conn.close()
Connection established to: (
'PostgreSQL 11.5, compiled by Visual C++ build 1914, 64-bit',
)
Output
Connection established to: (
'PostgreSQL 11.5, compiled by Visual C++ build 1914, 64-bit',
)
Python PostgreSQL - Create Database
You can create a database in PostgreSQL using the CREATE DATABASE statement. You can execute this statement in PostgreSQL shell prompt by specifying the name of the database to be created after the command.
Syntax
Following is the syntax of the CREATE DATABASE statement.
CREATE DATABASE dbname;
Example
Following statement creates a database named testdb in PostgreSQL.
postgres=# CREATE DATABASE testdb;
CREATE DATABASE
You can list out the database in PostgreSQL using the \l command. If you verify the list of databases, you can find the newly created database as follows −
postgres=# \l
List of databases
Name | Owner | Encoding | Collate | Ctype |
-----------+----------+----------+----------------------------+-------------+
mydb | postgres | UTF8 | English_United States.1252 | ........... |
postgres | postgres | UTF8 | English_United States.1252 | ........... |
template0 | postgres | UTF8 | English_United States.1252 | ........... |
template1 | postgres | UTF8 | English_United States.1252 | ........... |
testdb | postgres | UTF8 | English_United States.1252 | ........... |
(5 rows)
You can also create a database in PostgreSQL from command prompt using the command createdb, a wrapper around the SQL statement CREATE DATABASE.
C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\11\bin> createdb -h localhost -p 5432 -U postgres sampledb
Password:
Creating a Database Using Python
The cursor class of psycopg2 provides various methods execute various PostgreSQL commands, fetch records and copy data. You can create a cursor object using the cursor() method of the Connection class.
The execute() method of this class accepts a PostgreSQL query as a parameter and executes it.
Therefore, to create a database in PostgreSQL, execute the CREATE DATABASE query using this method.
Example
Following python example creates a database named mydb in PostgreSQL database.
import psycopg2
#establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
database="postgres", user='postgres', password='password',
host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)
conn.autocommit = True
#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()
#Preparing query to create a database
sql = '''CREATE database mydb''';
#Creating a database
cursor.execute(sql)
print("Database created successfully........")
#Closing the connection
conn.close()
Output
Database created successfully........
Python PostgreSQL - Create Table
You can create a new table in a database in PostgreSQL using the CREATE TABLE statement. While executing this you need to specify the name of the table, column names and their data types.
Syntax
Following is the syntax of the CREATE TABLE statement in PostgreSQL.
CREATE TABLE table_name(
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
.....
columnN datatype,
);
Example
Following example creates a table with name CRICKETERS in PostgreSQL.
postgres=# CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
First_Name VARCHAR(255),
Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
Age INT,
Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
Country VARCHAR(255));
CREATE TABLE
postgres=#
You can get the list of tables in a database in PostgreSQL using the \dt command. After creating a table, if you can verify the list of tables you can observe the newly created table in it as follows −
postgres=# \dt
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner
--------+------------+-------+----------
public | cricketers | table | postgres
(1 row)
postgres=#
In the same way, you can get the description of the created table using \d as shown below −
postgres=# \d cricketers
Table "public.cricketers"
Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
----------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+---------
first_name | character varying(255) | | |
last_name | character varying(255) | | |
age | integer | | |
place_of_birth | character varying(255) | | |
country | character varying(255) | | |
postgres=#
Creating a Table Using Python
To create a table using python you need to execute the CREATE TABLE statement using the execute() method of the Cursor of pyscopg2.
Example
The following Python example creates a table with name employee.
import psycopg2
#Establishing the connection
conn = psycopg2.connect(
database="mydb", user='postgres', password='password', host='127.0.0.1', port= '5432'
)
#Creating a cursor object using the cursor() method
cursor = conn.cursor()
#Doping EMPLOYEE table if already exists.
cursor.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")
#Creating table as per requirement
sql ='''CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(
FIRST_NAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
LAST_NAME CHAR(20),
AGE INT,
SEX CHAR(1),
INCOME FLOAT)'''
cursor.execute(sql)
print("Table created successfully........")
#Closing the connection
conn.close()
Output
Table created successfully........
Python PostgreSQL - Insert Data
You can insert record into an existing table in PostgreSQL using the INSERT INTO statement. While executing this, you need to specify the name of the table, and values for the columns in it.
Syntax
Following is the recommended syntax of the INSERT statement −
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (column1, column2, column3,...columnN)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...valueN);
Where, column1, column2, column3,.. are the names of the columns of a table, and value1, value2, value3,... are the values you need to insert into the table.
Example
Assume we have created a table with name CRICKETERS using the CREATE TABLE statement as shown below −
postgres=# CREATE TABLE CRICKETERS (
First_Name VARCHAR(255),
Last_Name VARCHAR(255),
Age INT,
Place_Of_Birth VARCHAR(255),
Country VARCHAR(255)
);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=#
Following PostgreSQL statement inserts a row in the above created table −
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS
(First_Name, Last_Name, Age, Place_Of_Birth, Country) values
('Shikhar', 'Dhawan', 33, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=#
While inserting records using the INSERT INTO statement, if you skip any columns names Record will be inserted leaving empty spaces at columns which you have skipped.
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS
(First_Name, Last_Name, Country) values('Jonathan', 'Trott', 'SouthAfrica');
INSERT 0 1
You can also insert records into a table without specifying the column names, if the order of values you pass is same as their respective column names in the table.
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Kumara', 'Sangakkara', 41, 'Matale', 'Srilanka');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Virat', 'Kohli', 30, 'Delhi', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=# insert into CRICKETERS values('Rohit', 'Sharma', 32, 'Nagpur', 'India');
INSERT 0 1
postgres=#
After inserting the records into a table you can verify its contents using the SELECT statement as shown below −
postgres=# SELECT * from CRICKETERS;
first_name | last_name | age | place_of_birth | country
------------+------------+-----+----------------+-------------
Shikhar | Dhawan | 33 | Delhi | India
Jonathan | Trott | | | SouthAfrica
Kumara | Sangakkara | 41 | Matale | Srilanka
Virat | Kohli | 30 | Delhi | India
Rohit | Sharma | 32 | Nagpur | India
(5 rows)
Inserting Data Using Python
The cursor class of psycopg2 provides a method with name execute() method. This method accepts the query as a parameter and executes it.
Therefore, to insert data into a table in PostgreSQL using python −
- Import psycopg2 package.
Import psycopg2 package.
- Create a connection object using the connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
Create a connection object using the connect() method, by passing the user name, password, host (optional default: localhost) and, database (optional) as parameters to it.
- Turn off the auto-commit mode by setting false as value to the attribute autocommit.
Turn off the auto-commit mode by setting false as value to the attribute autocommit.
- The cursor() method of the Connection class of the psycopg2 library returns a cursor object. Create a cursor object using this method.
The cursor() method of the Connection class of the psycopg2 library returns a cursor object. Create a cursor object using this method.
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